Cercospora zeae-maydis
- Category
- fungi
- Primary role
- pathogen fungal
- Class
- Dothideomycetes
- Order
- Mycosphaerellales
- Family
- Mycosphaerellaceae
- Genus
- Cercospora
Fungi | Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Mycosphaerellales | Mycosphaerellaceae | Cercospora
External: GBIF #5264592
4 AI-consensus-verified claims across 1 interaction category.
Related entities
Top entities sharing the most verified claims with Cercospora zeae-maydis.
pathogen pressure 4 claims
- This entity is the subject of pathogen pressure on Zea mays (Corn) · effect: harmful
“Lesions of gray leaf spot on a corn plant... caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis.”
pathogenOf ✓ 2/2 AI critics agreedUnknown (Unknown) · History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases (Chapter 1 Introduction) · p. 168 #6493702 - This entity is the subject of pathogen pressure on Zea mays (Corn) · effect: harmful
“gray leaf spot of corn”
pathogenOf ✓ 2/2 AI critics agreedUnknown (Unknown) · History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases (Chapter 1 Introduction) · p. 192 #6493738 - This entity is the subject of pathogen pressure on Zea mays (Corn) · effect: harmful
“gray leaf spot of corn are common and severe”
pathogenOf ✓ 2/2 AI critics agreedUnknown (Unknown) · History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases (Chapter 1 Introduction) · p. 464 #6494139 - This entity is the subject of pathogen pressure on Zea mays (Corn) · effect: harmful
“Corn, Sweet ... Gray Leaf Spot”
pathogenOf ✓ 2/2 AI critics agreedUniversity of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 85 #6734991
Genus-level evidence
22 claims where the source named the organism only at the genus or collective level (e.g. Cercospora sp.) and did not determine the species. Listed separately because they apply to the genus, not specifically to Cercospora zeae-maydis.
- pathogen pressure · Cercospora spp. → Arachis hypogaea · effect: harmful
“leaf spot damage on peanut photosynthesis and yield”
- pathogen pressure · Cercospora spp. → Zinnia spp. · effect: harmful
“Cercospora leaf spot of zinnia”
Unknown (Unknown) · History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases (Chapter 1 Introduction) · p. 192 #6493737 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora spp. → Momordica charantia · effect: harmful
“brown or greyish circular rings or circular necrotic spots with white or light tan centers”
Dhillon N.P.S., Lin L.-J., Srimat S., Laenoi S., Ramasamy S., Kenyon L., Sheu Z.-M., Mecozzi M. (2021) · International Cooperators' Guide: Procedures for Bitter Gourd Variety Field Trials · p. 8 #6496053 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora spp. → Solanum lycopersicum · effect: harmful
“Cercosporiose: lésions foliaires brunes et circulaires”
- pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Phaseolus vulgaris · effect: harmful
“Beans, Dry Anthracnose Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 19 #6734825 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Daucus carota · effect: harmful
“Carrot Cercospora (Early) Blight”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 20 #6734829 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Arachis hypogaea · effect: harmful
“Peanut Early Leaf Spot (Cercospora)”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 22 #6734836 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Cucumis melo · effect: harmful
“Melon: ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 87 #6734898 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Arachis hypogaea · effect: harmful
“Peanut Ascochyta Web Blotch Cercospora Leaf Spot Rust”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 88 #6734909 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Cucumis sativus · effect: harmful
“Cucumber Anthracnose Cercospora Leaf Spot Downy Mildew”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 85 #6734999 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis · effect: harmful
“Chinese Cabbage ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 144 #6735050 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Zea mays · effect: harmful
“Corn, Field ... Gray Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 146 #6735066 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Cucumis sativus · effect: harmful
“Cucumber ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 148 #6735087 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Solanum melongena · effect: harmful
“Eggplant ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 150 #6735111 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Cucumis melo subsp. melo · effect: harmful
“Honeydew ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 159 #6735193 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Mangifera indica · effect: harmful
“Black Spot (Cercospora)”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 172 #6735302 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Cucumis melo · effect: harmful
“Muskmelon ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 174 #6735321 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Abelmoschus esculentus · effect: harmful
“Okra ... Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 177 #6735351 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Citrullus lanatus · effect: harmful
“Watermelon … Cercospora Leaf Spot”
University of Guam Cooperative Extension & Outreach (2024) · Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide Guide, 6th Edition · p. 208 #6735425 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Carica papaya · effect: harmful
“Cercospora sp. Leaf spot”
University of Guam, College of Natural and Applied Sciences (2022) · Index of Plant Diseases in Guam · p. 48 #6735506 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Passiflora edulis · effect: harmful
“Passion fruit Cercospora fusco-virens Leaf spot”
University of Guam, College of Natural and Applied Sciences (2022) · Index of Plant Diseases in Guam · p. 49 #6735521 - pathogen pressure · Cercospora sp. → Nicotiana tabacum · effect: harmful
“Tobacco Cercospora sp. Leaf spot”
University of Guam, College of Natural and Applied Sciences (2022) · Index of Plant Diseases in Guam · p. 55 #6735659
Aggregated via GloBI — not independently verified by AgroEco.
mutualism 22
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Longley, Reid; Noel, Zachary A.; Benucci, Gian Maria Niccolo; Chilvers, Martin, I; Trail, Frances; Bonito, Gregory, 2020. Crop Management Impacts the Soybean (Glycine max) Microbiome. FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01116 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Sauer, S., Dlugosch, L., Kammerer, D.R., Stintzing, F.C. and Simon, M., 2021. The Microbiome of the Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium L. and Hamamelis virginiana L.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.696398 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cordier, T., Robin, C., Capdevielle, X., Desprez-Loustau, M.L. and Vacher, C., 2012. Spatial variability of phyllosphere fungal assemblages: genetic distance predominates over geographic distance in a European beech stand (Fagus syluatica).. Fungal Ecology. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.004 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Veloso, T.G.R., da Silva, M.D.C.S., Cardoso, W.S., Guarçoni, R.C., Kasuya, M.C.M. and Pereira, L.L., 2020. Effects of environmental factors on microbiota of fruits and soil of Coffea arabica in Brazil.. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71309-y DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Yuan, X.L., Cao, M., Liu, X.M., Du, Y.M., Shen, G.M., Zhang, Z.F., Li, J.H. and Zhang, P., 2018. Composition and genetic diversity of the Nicotiana tabacum microbiome in different topographic areas and growth periods.. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms19113421 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Li, R., Yang, S., Lin, M., Guo, S., Han, X., Ren, M., Du, L., Song, Y., You, Y., Zhan, J. and Huang, W.,, 2021. The biogeography of fungal communities across different chinese wine-producing regions associated with environmental factors and spontaneous fermentation performance. Frontiers in microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.636639 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cregger, M.A., Veach, A.M., Yang, Z.K., Crouch, M.J., Vilgalys, R., Tuskan, G.A. and Schadt, C.W., 2018. The Populus holobiont: dissecting the effects of plant niches and genotype on the microbiome.. Microbiome. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0413-8 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Lee, M. R. and Hawkes, C. V., 2020. Plant and soil drivers of whole-plant microbiomes: variation in switchgrass fungi from coastal to mountain sites. Phytobiomes Journal. doi:10.1094/PBIOMES-07-20-0056-FI DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis LI, X.D., Ming, S.H.I., Hong, P.A.N., LU, X.J., WEI, X.Y., Ping, L.U., LIAN, Q.X. and FU, Y.H., 2020. Diversity in metagenomic sequences reveals new pathogenic fungus associated with smut in Job�s tears. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63164-1 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cai, Z., Wang, X., Bhadra, S. and Gao, Q., 2020. Distinct factors drive the assembly of quinoa-associated microbiomes along elevation.. Plant and Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-019-04387-1 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Tian, L., Yu, S., Zhang, L., Dong, K. and Feng, B., 2022. Mulching practices manipulate the microbial community diversity and network of root‑associated compartments in the Loess Plateau. Soil and Tillage Research. doi:10.1016/j.still.2022.105476 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Longa, C.M.O., Antonielli, L., Bozza, E., Sicher, C., Pertot, I. and Perazzolli, M., 2022. Plant organ and sampling time point determine the taxonomic structure of microbial communities associated to apple plants in the orchard environment.. Microbiological Research. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.126991 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Sun, X., Li, J.L., He, C., Li, X.C. and Guo, L.D., 2021. Specific network and phylosymbiosis pattern in endophyte community of coastal halophytes. Fungal Ecology. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101088 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Tong, A.Z., Liu, W., Liu, Q., Xia, G.Q., 2021. Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages. BMC microbiology. doi:10.1186/s12866-020-02081-2 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Johnson, L.J., Gónzalez‐Chávez, M.D.C.A., Carrillo‐González, R., Porras‐Alfaro, A. and Mueller, G.M., 2021. Vanilla aerial and terrestrial roots host rich communities of orchid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plants, People, Planet. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10171 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Michael, P. J., Jones, D., White, N., Hane, J. K., Bunce, M., and Gibberd, M., 2020. Crop-Zone Weed Mycobiomes of the South-Western Australian Grain Belt. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.581592 DOI
pathogen pressure 2
- GloBI hasHost Zea mays https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55550926
- GloBI pathogenOf Zea mays Gary P. Munkvold, collator (last update: 8/27/17). Diseases of Corn (syn. Maize) (Zea mays L.). The American Phytopathological Society. Accessed on 2019-10-24 at https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Corn.aspx
crop interaction 24
- GloBI hasHost Zea mays https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55550926
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Longley, Reid; Noel, Zachary A.; Benucci, Gian Maria Niccolo; Chilvers, Martin, I; Trail, Frances; Bonito, Gregory, 2020. Crop Management Impacts the Soybean (Glycine max) Microbiome. FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01116 DOI
- GloBI pathogenOf Zea mays Gary P. Munkvold, collator (last update: 8/27/17). Diseases of Corn (syn. Maize) (Zea mays L.). The American Phytopathological Society. Accessed on 2019-10-24 at https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Corn.aspx
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Sauer, S., Dlugosch, L., Kammerer, D.R., Stintzing, F.C. and Simon, M., 2021. The Microbiome of the Medicinal Plants Achillea millefolium L. and Hamamelis virginiana L.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.696398 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cordier, T., Robin, C., Capdevielle, X., Desprez-Loustau, M.L. and Vacher, C., 2012. Spatial variability of phyllosphere fungal assemblages: genetic distance predominates over geographic distance in a European beech stand (Fagus syluatica).. Fungal Ecology. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.004 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Veloso, T.G.R., da Silva, M.D.C.S., Cardoso, W.S., Guarçoni, R.C., Kasuya, M.C.M. and Pereira, L.L., 2020. Effects of environmental factors on microbiota of fruits and soil of Coffea arabica in Brazil.. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71309-y DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Yuan, X.L., Cao, M., Liu, X.M., Du, Y.M., Shen, G.M., Zhang, Z.F., Li, J.H. and Zhang, P., 2018. Composition and genetic diversity of the Nicotiana tabacum microbiome in different topographic areas and growth periods.. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms19113421 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Li, R., Yang, S., Lin, M., Guo, S., Han, X., Ren, M., Du, L., Song, Y., You, Y., Zhan, J. and Huang, W.,, 2021. The biogeography of fungal communities across different chinese wine-producing regions associated with environmental factors and spontaneous fermentation performance. Frontiers in microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.636639 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cregger, M.A., Veach, A.M., Yang, Z.K., Crouch, M.J., Vilgalys, R., Tuskan, G.A. and Schadt, C.W., 2018. The Populus holobiont: dissecting the effects of plant niches and genotype on the microbiome.. Microbiome. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0413-8 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Lee, M. R. and Hawkes, C. V., 2020. Plant and soil drivers of whole-plant microbiomes: variation in switchgrass fungi from coastal to mountain sites. Phytobiomes Journal. doi:10.1094/PBIOMES-07-20-0056-FI DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cruz, A.F., Barka, G.D., Blum, L.E.B., Tanaka, T., Ono, N., Kanaya, S. and Reineke, A., 2019. Evaluation of microbial communities in peels of Brazilian tropical fruits by amplicon sequence analysis.. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00088-0 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis LI, X.D., Ming, S.H.I., Hong, P.A.N., LU, X.J., WEI, X.Y., Ping, L.U., LIAN, Q.X. and FU, Y.H., 2020. Diversity in metagenomic sequences reveals new pathogenic fungus associated with smut in Job�s tears. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63164-1 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Cai, Z., Wang, X., Bhadra, S. and Gao, Q., 2020. Distinct factors drive the assembly of quinoa-associated microbiomes along elevation.. Plant and Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-019-04387-1 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Tian, L., Yu, S., Zhang, L., Dong, K. and Feng, B., 2022. Mulching practices manipulate the microbial community diversity and network of root‑associated compartments in the Loess Plateau. Soil and Tillage Research. doi:10.1016/j.still.2022.105476 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Longa, C.M.O., Antonielli, L., Bozza, E., Sicher, C., Pertot, I. and Perazzolli, M., 2022. Plant organ and sampling time point determine the taxonomic structure of microbial communities associated to apple plants in the orchard environment.. Microbiological Research. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.126991 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Toju, H., Kurokawa, H. and Kenta, T., 2019. Factors influencing leaf-and root-associated communities of bacteria and fungi across 33 plant orders in a grassland.. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00241 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Sun, X., Li, J.L., He, C., Li, X.C. and Guo, L.D., 2021. Specific network and phylosymbiosis pattern in endophyte community of coastal halophytes. Fungal Ecology. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101088 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Tong, A.Z., Liu, W., Liu, Q., Xia, G.Q., 2021. Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages. BMC microbiology. doi:10.1186/s12866-020-02081-2 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Johnson, L.J., Gónzalez‐Chávez, M.D.C.A., Carrillo‐González, R., Porras‐Alfaro, A. and Mueller, G.M., 2021. Vanilla aerial and terrestrial roots host rich communities of orchid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plants, People, Planet. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10171 DOI
- GloBI symbiontOf Cercospora zeae-maydis Michael, P. J., Jones, D., White, N., Hane, J. K., Bunce, M., and Gibberd, M., 2020. Crop-Zone Weed Mycobiomes of the South-Western Australian Grain Belt. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.581592 DOI